Investigator Spiegelman uses which deception-detection method when a suspect avoids eye contact and keeps shifting positions?

• A. Cognitive-based methods
• B. Arousal-based methods
• C. Nonchalant style methods
• D. Objective assessment methods

Answer: (B)

Arousal-based methods assess deception through signs of physiological or behavioral arousal, such as restlessness, fidgeting, and gaze aversion. When a person lies, the stress and cognitive load can manifest as avoiding eye contact and frequently shifting positions, signaling heightened arousal. Cognitive-based methods would focus on the content and detail of statements to gauge deception, while nonchalant style methods imply a relaxed, unconcerned demeanor not tied to arousal, and objective assessment methods refer to standardized tests or instruments. So the described behavior fits arousal-based detection since it reflects observable signs of internal tension associated with deception.