Which factors do biological theories of crime emphasize?

• A. Genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities.
• B. Sociological factors alone.
• C. Spiritual influences only.
• D. Age alone.

Answer: (A)

Biological theories of crime attribute antisocial or criminal behavior to processes inside the body. They emphasize genetic influences, meaning heritable traits that can increase risk for certain behaviors, as well as how those genetic factors interact with the brain and environment. They also focus on neuropsychological functioning—how brain structure and function, especially in regions governing planning, impulse control, and emotion regulation, can be atypical in some individuals. Biochemical irregularities cover how hormones and neurotransmitters—such as testosterone, serotonin, or dopamine—can influence mood, aggression, and decision-making, along with other metabolic factors.

This combination explains why the best answer centers on genetic, neuropsychological, and biochemical factors. The other options point to factors more aligned with sociological, spiritual, or age-based theories, which are not the emphasis of biological explanations.