Which of the following is NOT among the motivations Fox and Levin discuss for serial and mass murder?

• A. Power
• B. Revenge
• C. Loyalty
• D. Guilt

Answer: (D)

Understanding why serial and mass murderers act helps explain the motives researchers like Fox and Levin emphasize. They describe three driving aims that offenders often pursue: power and control over others, revenge against someone or a group, and loyalty to a code, cause, or group. These are intentional aims that shape the offender’s planning and actions.

Guilt, in contrast, is an emotional response or moral emotion that can arise after the act, or be used by the offender to rationalize or cope with what happened. It is not a motive that the offender strives to achieve through the act itself. Therefore, guilt is not listed as a motivating force in their discussion, making it the correct choice in this item.